Taolad integration

        GDP deflator measures the overall price level of goods and services that are produced in a country's border within a specific period.       GDP deflator is used to measure the general price level of goods and services that are included in GDP.       GDP deflator is used  to measure inflation. It shows the overall change of price of goods and services in an economy.      It helps to measure proper economic growth by removing the inflation effect.      It helps to convert nominal GDP into real GDP     Different economists and policy makers use GDP deflators to monitor Economic Stability.      It helps to analyze inflationary pressure on economic growth and also it also helps to set a monitoring policy.

What are the Least Developed  Countries?        The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are a group of 45 United Nations Member States characterised by their low socio-economic development and high vulnerability to external shocks. These countries are largely agrarian economies that suffer from low investments and productivity.         There are 33 LDCs in Africa, eleven in Asia and the Pacific and one in Latin America. Bhutan was the last LDC to graduate on 13th December, 2023. Previous to that, Vanuatu graduated on 4th December, 2020. Doha Programme of Action (DPoA)       The Doha Programme of Action (DPoA) for the Decade 2022-2031 was adopted in March 2022 as a successor to the Istanbul Programme of Action.        Full implementation will help the LDCs to address the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting socio-economic impacts; return to a pathway to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); address climat...

BRICS Economic Integration:           Explores the economic integration efforts among BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). It discusses their push for multilateralism and economic cooperation, challenges in policy coordination, and the potential for forming a common currency under the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) theory. Key Points: 1. Economic Significance of BRICS •BRICS countries account for over 25% of global economic output and 42% of the world’s population. •Their combined GDP has grown significantly, with a strong presence in global trade and foreign exchange reserves. 2. Current BRICS Initiatives •The New Development Bank (NDB) provides infrastructure and development financing. •The Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) helps member nations with financial stability. •BRICS members are increasing the use of their local currencies for international trade to reduce dependence on the US dollar. 3. Challenges...